[1] Naharro-Rodriguez J, Bacci S, Hernandez-Bule M L, et al. Decoding skin aging: a review of mechanisms, markers, and modern therapies[J]. Cosmetics, 2025, 12(4): 144. DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics12040144. [2] Cong L L, Ma J L, Zhang Y D, et al. Effect of anti-skin disorders of ginsenosides:a systematic review[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(5): 605-614. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.005. [3] Wan S C, Liu Y N, Shi J J, et al. Anti-photoaging and anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rk3 during exposure to UV irradiation[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 716248. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.716248. [4] Kim J, Phung H M, Lee S, et al. Anti-skin-aging effects of tissue-cultured mountain-grown ginseng and quantitative HPLC/ELSD analysis of major ginsenosides[J]. J Nat Med, 2022, 76(4): 811-820. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01633-2. [5] Kim H, Lee J H, Kim J E, et al. Micro-/ nano-sized delivery systems of ginsenosides for improved systemic bioavailability[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2018, 42(3): 361-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.003. [6] Hu Q R, Hong H, Zhang Z H, et al. Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(6): 694-705. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.005. [7] Campisi J, d'Adda di Fagagna F. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2007, 8(9): 729-740. DOI: 10.1038/nrm2233. [8] Liu Z B, Sun C, Zhang Z F, et al. Telomeres in skin aging[J]. Biogerontology, 2025, 26(2): 83. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10228-9. [9] Tanveer M A, Rashid H, Tasduq S A. Molecular basis of skin photoaging and therapeutic interventions by plant-derived natural product ingredients: a comprehensive review[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(3): e13580. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13580. [10] Krutmann J, Bouloc A, Sore G, et al. The skin aging exposome[J]. J Dermatol Sci, 2017, 85(3): 152-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.015. [11] Hussen N H A, Abdulla S K, Ali N M, et al. Role of antioxidants in skin aging and the molecular mechanism of ROS: a comprehensive review[J]. Aspects Mol Med, 2025, 5: 100063. DOI: 10.1016/j.amolm.2025.100063. [12] Feng C, Chen X L, Yin X Q, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases on skin photoaging[J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2024, 23(12): 3847-3862. DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16558. [13] Gu X Y, Li Z R, Su J. Air pollution and skin diseases: a comprehensive evaluation of the associated mechanism[J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2024, 278: 116429. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116429. [14] Li Y M, Tian X T, Luo J Y, et al. Molecular mechanisms of aging and anti-aging strategies[J]. Cell Commun Signal, 2024, 22(1): 285. DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01663-1. [15] Xu X Y, Pang Y, Fan X Q. Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: from mechanisms to therapeutic advances[J]. Sig Transduct Target Ther, 2025, 10: 190. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-025-02253-4. [16] Lee H J, Yoon Y S, Lee S J. Molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence in neurodegenerative diseases[J]. J Mol Biol, 2023, 435(12): 168114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168114. [17] Pilkington S M, Bulfone-Paus S, Griffiths C E M, et al. Inflammaging and the skin[J]. J Investig Dermatol, 2021, 141(4): 1087-1095. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.006. [18] Wang Z Y, Yuan F M, Zhong X W, et al. Skin microbiome and skin aging: emerging strategies for manipulation[J]. Microbiol Res, 2025, 300: 128285. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2025.128285. [19] Wang K, Liu H C, Hu Q C, et al. Epigenetic regulation of aging: implications for interventions of aging and diseases[J]. Sig Transduct Target Ther, 2022, 7(1): 374. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01211-8. [20] Mohanan P, Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, et al. Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2018, 42(2): 123-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.008. [21] Liu Y N, Qu L L, Wan S C, et al. Ginsenoside Rk1 prevents UVB irradiation-mediated oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and collagen degradation via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2022, 70(50): 15804-15817. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06377. [22] Xia W, Zhu Z D, Xiang S, et al. Ginsenoside Rg5 promotes wound healing in diabetes by reducing the negative regulation of SLC7A11 on the efferocytosis of dendritic cells[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(6): 784-794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.006. [23] Shin D, Moon H W, Oh Y, et al. Defensive properties of ginsenoside Re against UV-B-induced oxidative stress through up-regulating glutathione and superoxide dismutase in HaCaT keratinocytes[J]. Iran J Pharm Res, 2018, 17(1): 249-260. [24] Yang K E, Jang H J, Hwang I H, et al. Stereoisomer-specific ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 reverses replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts via Akt-mTOR-Sirtuin signaling[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2020, 44(2): 341-349. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.08.002. [25] Kim E, Kim D, Yoo S, et al. The skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2018, 42(2): 218-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.007. [26] Kim S, Kang B Y, Cho S Y, et al. Compound K induces expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 gene in transformed human keratinocytes and increases hyaluronan in hairless mouse skin[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2004, 316(2): 348-355. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.046. [27] Xia Z, Liu W, Zeng F M, et al. Systematic evaluation and identification of anti-inflammatory and anti-aging ginseng peptides for skincare applications[J]. Cosmetics, 2025, 12(2): 85. DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics12020085. [28] Hou J G, Kim S. Possible role of ginsenoside Rb1 in skin wound healing via regulating senescent skin dermal fibroblast[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2018, 499(2): 381-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.170. [29] Park S H, Seo W, Eun H S, et al. Protective effects of ginsenoside F2 on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin inflammation in mice[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2016, 478(4): 1713-1719. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.009. [30] Liu X Y, Hwang E, Park B, et al. Ginsenoside C-mx isolated from notoginseng stem-leaf ginsenosides attenuates ultraviolet B-mediated photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts[J]. Photochem Photobiol, 2018, 94(5): 1040-1048. DOI: 10.1111/php.12940. [31] Kang H J, Huang Y H, Lim H W, et al. Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg2 epimers in the protective response against UV-B radiation-induced oxidative stress in human epidermal keratinocytes[J]. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol, 2016, 165: 232-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.034. [32] Jung E M, Lee G S. Korean Red Ginseng, a regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome, in the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2022, 46(3): 331-336. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.003. [33] Lee W J, Kim E N, Trang N M, et al. Ameliorative effect of ginsenoside Rg6 in periodontal tissue inflammation and recovering damaged alveolar bone[J]. Molecules, 2023, 29(1): 46. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010046. [34] Li D X, Luo Z B, Zhu J, et al. Ginsenoside F2-mediated intestinal microbiota and its metabolite propionic acid positively impact the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis mice[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2024, 72(1): 339-350. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06015. [35] Lee S J, Lee W J, Chang S E, et al. Antimelanogenic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated inhibition of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2015, 39(3): 238-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.001. [36] Ma A T, Zhu S Y, Yao X W, et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits melanoma progression by inducing ferroptosis via the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway[J]. J Adv Res, 2025: S2090-S1232(25)00864-1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.10.069. [37] Liu J Z, Xu X H, Zhou J Y, et al. Phenolic acids in Panax ginseng inhibit melanin production through bidirectional regulation of melanin synthase transcription via different signaling pathways[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(6): 714-725. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.002. [38] Yang K E, Nam S B, Jang M, et al. Ginsenoside Rb2 suppresses cellular senescence of human dermal fibroblasts by inducing autophagy[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(2): 337-346. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.004. [39] Lee C S, Nam G, Bae I H, et al. Whitening efficacy of ginsenoside F1 through inhibition of melanin transfer in cocultured human melanocytes-keratinocytes and three-dimensional human skin equivalent[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2019, 43(2): 300-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.005. [40] Hou J G, Yun Y, Jeon B, et al. Ginsenoside F1-mediated telomere preservation delays cellular senescence[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2023, 24(18): 14241. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814241. [41] Li S G, Yan M Z, Zhang D, et al. Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on the senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells[J]. Genet Mol Res, 2016, 15(3): 15038409. DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15038409. [42] Wang Z K, Chen L, Zhang Y N, et al. An injectable, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis-promoting dual crosslinked hydrogel loaded with ginsenoside Rg1 on wound healing[J]. Macromol Biosci, 2026, 26(1): e00228. DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202500228. [43] Jeong G, Shin S H, Kim S N, et al. Ginsenoside Re prevents 3-methyladenine-induced catagen phase acceleration by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human dermal papilla cells[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(3): 440-447. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.002. [44] Fang C, Yang H X, Zhu C H, et al. Ginsenoside CK inhibits androgenetic alopecia by regulating Wnt/β-catenin and p53 signaling pathways in AGA mice[J]. Food Front, 2023, 4(3): 1270-1284. DOI: 10.1002/fft2.272. [45] Choi W, Cho J H, Park S H, et al. Ginseng root-derived exosome-like nanoparticles protect skin from UV irradiation and oxidative stress by suppressing activator protein-1 signaling and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2024, 48(2): 211-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.001. [46] Yang S, Lu S Y, Ren L M, et al. Ginseng-derived nanoparticles induce skin cell proliferation and promote wound healing[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2023, 47(1): 133-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.005. [47] Zhou B, Wu L, Liu D H, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates age-associated cognitive impairment by modulating oxidative stress and the SIRT1/ENOS/NO axis[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2025, 49(6): 683-691. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2025.06.002. [48] Yu X M, Lu Y, Chen J J, et al. Unlocking ginsenosides' therapeutic power with polymer-based delivery systems: current applications and future perspectives[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16: 1629803. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1629803. [49] Quan L H, Piao J Y, Min J W, et al. Bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1 into compound k by Leuconostoc citreum LH1 isolated from kimchi[J]. Publ Braz Soc Microbiol, 2011, 42(3): 1227-1237. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838220110003000049. [50] Kim W H, Kim J E, Kim S, et al. Bioconversion of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction from ginseng root and its effect on epidermal barrier function[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(4): e14803. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14803. [51] Jo S K, Kim I S, Yoon K S, et al. Preparation of ginsenosides Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5-selectively enriched ginsengs by a simple steaming process[J]. Eur Food Res Technol, 2015, 240(1): 251-256. DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2370-1. [52] Vo H T, Cho J Y, Choi Y E, et al. Kinetic study for the optimization of ginsenoside Rg3 production by heat treatment of ginsenoside Rb1[J]. J Ginseng Res, 2015, 39(4): 304-313. DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.02.003. [53] Lee S H, Kim K M, Kim D, et al. Changes in ginsenoside patterns of red ginseng extracts according to manufacturing and storage conditions[J]. Food Sci Biotechnol, 2017, 26(6): 1735-1741. DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0149-4. [54] Choi J H, Cho S H, Yun J J, et al. Ethosomes and transfersomes for topical delivery of ginsenoside rhl from red ginseng: characterization and in vitro evaluation[J]. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2015, 15(8): 5660-5662. DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10462. [55] Jin Y Y, Liu D, Lu Z, et al. Preparation and evaluation of liposomes and niosomes containing total ginsenosides for anti-photoaging therapy[J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2022, 10: 874827. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.874827. [56] Hou P P, Pu F L, Zou H Y, et al. Whey protein stabilized nanoemulsion: a potential delivery system for ginsenoside Rg3 whey protein stabilized nanoemulsion: potential Rg3 delivery system[J]. Food Biosci, 2019, 31: 100427. DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100427. [57] Yang Q, Guo P, Lei P K, et al. Dissolvable microneedles loaded ginsenoside Rg3 liposome: a transdermal delivery approach for alopecia treatment[J]. Regen Biomater, 2024, 11: rbae086. DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae086. [58] Cho E G, Choi S Y, Kim H, et al. Panax ginseng-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate anti-senescence effects in human skin cells: an eco-friendly and sustainable way to use ginseng substances[J]. Cells, 2021, 10(3): 486. DOI: 10.3390/cells10030486. |